Hydrochlorothiazide

Description

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic, commonly referred to as a “water pill.” It is primarily used to manage high blood pressure and to help reduce excess fluid retention in the body (edema). By promoting the excretion of sodium and water through urine, hydrochlorothiazide helps to lower blood pressure and reduce swelling in conditions such as heart failure or liver disease.

Uses / Indications

• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Edema associated with congestive heart failure
• Edema due to renal dysfunction
• Liver cirrhosis-related fluid retention
• Certain cases of kidney stone formation

Dosage and Administration

Adults:
Initial dose typically starts at 12.5 mg once daily, which may be adjusted by a healthcare provider based on blood pressure response.

Children:
Dosage is determined by a physician based on age and weight, commonly starting around 1 mg/kg per day.

Note: Dosage may vary depending on individual health conditions and doctor’s recommendations.

How It Works (Mechanism of Action)

Hydrochlorothiazide works by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys. This action increases the excretion of sodium and water, helping to decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure, while also relieving edema.

Side Effects

Common side effects:

• Increased urination
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fatigue
• Nausea or upset stomach

Rare/serious side effects:

• Severe allergic reactions (rash, itching, swelling)
• Electrolyte imbalance (low potassium or sodium)
• Pancreatitis (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting)

Seek medical attention immediately if serious side effects occur.

Precautions / Warnings

• Consult your doctor if you have kidney disease, liver disease, or a history of gout
• Use caution if you are taking other medications that affect potassium levels
• Regular monitoring of blood pressure and electrolyte levels may be required

Drug Interactions

Hydrochlorothiazide may interact with the following substances:

• Other antihypertensive medications
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Medications that affect potassium levels (e.g., steroids)
• Lithium (may increase levels of this medication)

Always inform your healthcare provider about any other medications or supplements you’re taking.

Storage Instructions

• Store at room temperature (20°C–25°C / 68°F–77°F)
• Keep away from moisture, heat, and direct light
• Keep out of reach of children

Missed Dose / Overdose

Missed a dose?
Take it as soon as you remember. If it’s almost time for your next dose, skip the missed one. Do not double up.

Overdose symptoms:

• Severe dizziness or fainting
• Rapid heart rate
• Nausea or vomiting
• Muscle weakness or cramps

Contact a poison control center or seek emergency medical help immediately.

Contraindications

• Allergic to hydrochlorothiazide or other thiazide diuretics
• Severe kidney or liver dysfunction

Brand Names / Alternatives

• Microzide
• HydroDiuril
• Esidrix
• Generic name: Hydrochlorothiazide