Pioglitazone

Description

Pioglitazone is an oral medication belonging to the thiazolidinedione class, primarily used to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It works by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin, helping to regulate glucose metabolism.

Uses / Indications

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Improvement of glycemic control alongside diet and exercise
• May be prescribed in combination with other antidiabetic agents

Dosage and Administration

Adults:
Typically, the starting dose is 15 mg to 30 mg once daily, which may be adjusted based on glycemic control and tolerance, not exceeding 45 mg per day.

Administer with or without food, and swallow the tablet whole.

Note: Dosage may vary based on medical condition or doctor’s advice.

How It Works (Mechanism of Action)

Pioglitazone enhances insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues, while reducing hepatic glucose production. It activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), influencing fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism, which helps in lowering blood sugar levels.

Side Effects

Common side effects:

• Weight gain
• Edema (swelling due to fluid retention)
• Headache
• Nasal congestion

Rare/serious side effects:

• Heart failure or worsening of existing heart failure
• Liver problems (jaundice, elevated liver enzymes)
• Fractures in the bones

Seek medical attention if serious side effects occur.

Precautions / Warnings

• Inform your doctor if you have heart disease, liver disease, or bladder cancer history
• Monitor your weight regularly; notify your doctor if you notice rapid weight gain
• Use with caution if you have fluid retention or heart issues

Drug Interactions

May interact with:

• Insulin or other antidiabetic medications (increased risk of hypoglycemia)
• Certain antibiotics (e.g., rifampicin)
• Hormonal contraceptives and other medications affecting liver enzymes

Always inform your healthcare provider about any other medications or supplements you’re taking.

Storage Instructions

• Store at room temperature (20°C–25°C / 68°F–77°F)
• Keep away from moisture, heat, and direct light
• Keep out of reach of children

Missed Dose / Overdose

Missed a dose?
Take it as soon as you remember. If it’s almost time for your next dose, skip the missed one. Do not double up.

Overdose symptoms:

• Severe dizziness
• Confusion or disorientation
• Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
• Swelling in the legs or feet

Contact a poison control center or seek emergency medical help immediately.

Contraindications

• Allergic to pioglitazone or any of its components
• Type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis
• Severe heart failure

Brand Names / Alternatives

• Actos
• Various generics available